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Pesticides monitoring journal.
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Distribution Patterns of DDT Residues
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains
Lawrence Cory/ Per Fjeld/ and William Seral^
ABSTRACT
Frogs from throughout the Sierra Nevada Mountains in
California were examined for pesticide residues. The com-
monest substance found was p,p'DDE, a metabolite of p,p'-
DDT, and its occurrence was regarded as evidence of en-
vironmental contamination with DDT residues. Contamina-
tion of the range was found to be general throughout, even
at attitudes to 12,000 feet above sea level. General patterns
of distribution showed that concentrations were highest in
the central to southern areas and declined somewhat to the
north. Contamination was heavier on the western slope of
the mountains than across their crest on the east face. The
presence of the residues is ascribed to wind-borne drift of
aerosol DDT released in crop-dusting in the central valley
of California, Notably high concentrations in a limited area
in the Yosemite National Park to Sonora Pass region are
considered to be locally persistent residues of forest spray-
ings with DDT made in this area in 1953 and 1956.
Introduction
Examination of a map of the State of California (Fig.
1) shows the prominence of the central valley, formally
designated the Sacramento Valley North of the latitude
of San Francisco Bay and the San Joaquin Valley to
the south. Located to the east of this valley and ex-
tending approximately parallel to it in a north-south
direction lies the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. This
range is over 300 miles in length and averages about
40 miles in width. The highest altitude in the con-
tinental United States, over 14,500 feet at Mt. Whitney,
occurs near its southern end, and the range includes
many areas rising to well over 13,000 feet. The several
rivers draining various areas of the northern part of
the valley converge to a common trunk in the Sacra-
mento River, just as those draining the southern valley
regions join to form the San Joaquin River trunk.
These two river systems merge in an extensive delta
area, through which their common effluent is discharged
into San Francisco Bay.
The topographic relationships of these regions to each
other and to the Pacific Ocean which lies west of them
have important meteorological consequences. For one
thing, prevailing winds blowing across the State are
from the ocean, so that they sweep from west to east
across the central valley and against the Sierra Nevada.
In crossing the range, the rising air masses release
much of their moisture as precipitation on the western
face of the mountains. The amount of preciptation
drops sharply to the east of the Sierra Nevada crest,
which marks the western boundary of the great desert
areas of the Western United States. These topographic
and meteorological features have important implica-
tions with respect to the distribution patterns of DDT*
residues we are finding.
The central valley of California is agriculturally one of
the most intensely cultivated areas on the earth. In
this agricultural activity enormous amounts of pesti-
cides are employed, including a high percentage of
DDT. Exactly how much of this material has been
used is impossible to determine, but conservative esti-
mates in the mid-1950's indicated that about 20% of
all DDT used in the United States was employed in
California agriculture. (Robert Rawlins, California
* Biology Deparimcnt. St. Mary's CoIIcrc, Calff. 94575.
' California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif, and
BJolopy Depart ment, St. Mary's College, Calif.
204
• Term desi^rnating o,p' and p.p' isomers of l.l.t-trichloro-2,2-bis=
(p-chlorophenyl) ethane, as well as dehydrochlorination products,
as p,p'-DDE.
Pesticides Monitoring Journal
FIGURE 1. — Map of the State of California showing rela-
tionship of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range to the cen-
tral vailey
canyons and glacial cirques or associated with the pre-
cipitation of moisture, in the manner indicated by Cohen
and Pinkerton (/).
State Department of Agriculture, personal communica-
tion). Figures from U. S. TarifT Commission Reports
quoted by Frost (7) and by Sodergren (9) indicate
that the annual production and sale of DDT in the
United States has increased steadily from 19,000 tons
per year in 1946 to a maximum of 79,000 tons per
year in 1962, with somewhat of a decline thereafter.
Increasing export of the material is indicated by the
79% export fraction of the 69,000-ton U. S. production
in 1968. Dobzhansky et al. (6) quote estimates of
3,243 tons and 3,168 tons of DDT used in California
agriculture in the years 1951 and 1955, respectively,
values that are consistent with the above figures. At
the rate of use indicated by these estimates, the total
amount of DDT applied to the central valley of Cali-
fornia since its introduction into agricultural use in
1945 becomes an awesome figure.
Most of this material is applied in crop-dusting by air-
plane. It can be expected that much of this material
in aerosol form would be carried eastward from the
valley by the prevailing winds, and that much of this
transported material would be deposited in the Sierra
Nevada, either by direct fallout in local eddies in
Vol. 3, No. 4, March 1970
Field Methods
A search for DDT residues is being made in body
tissues of frogs of the Rana boylei group (the *
legged" frogs). Previous work (2) had shown the
widespread distribution of these animals throughout the
Sierra Nevada, especially in the broad band of lakes
and ponds in glacial cirques alongside the main crest.
Frogs being well along in the series of food chains
represent a good indicator species for the assessment
of pesticide base levels. In frogs, moreover, the fatty
tissues are not widely scattered subdermally throughout
the animals, but are concentrated in a discrete pair of
fat bodies. It is this tissue that is analyzed.
Collections are made in the course of back-packing
expeditions throughout the most remote areas in the
mountains, and insofar as possible no use has been
made of animals occurring near trans-montane high-
ways or major trails, where random accidental local
contamination might occur. Frogs are brought to the
laboratory alive. They are killed by being quick
deep-frozen immersed in water, a condition in which
they are kept until analyzed.
A nalysis
Processing is a modification of the technique of Stanley
and LeFavoure (10). Fat-body tissue is broken down
into an emulsion in a commercial perchloric-acetic acid
mixture (BFM Solution, G. F. Smith Chemical Com-
pany, Columbus, Ohio). For the small amount of tissue
in a pair of fat bodies from the yellow-legged frogs
(generally less than 1 gram), 1 ml to 3 ml of the acid
mixture is sufficient. Upon standing for 24 hours, the
tissue is broken down to an emulsion, and a layer of
lipid is visible on the surface. This emulsion is shaken
with 10 ml of pure hexane (Mallinckrodt, Nanograde)
in a separatory funnel, and the hexane layer containing
lipid-soluble materials is separated from the acid resi-
due. The latter is re-extracted a second and a third
time with 10-ml portions of hexane, and all three
extractions are combined in a separatory funnel. To
combined extract are added 5 ml of analytical
grade concentrated sulfuric acid, then 5 ml of analytical
grade fuming sulfuric acid (20-23% SO3). The funnel
is quickly stoppered and shaken vigorously by hand
for 2 minutes. This treatment destroys fats and many
other substances but leaves intact many lipid-soluble
components, including the DDT-related compounds.
Upon standing, usually for 24 hours, a clear hexane
layer separates from the acid phase. This hexane
205
phase, containing the DDT-relalcJ substances, is drawn
off and concentrated by evaporation to a small vohimc,
cenerallv about 1 ml. This conceiUrated extract is
retained in a stoppered, calibrated cylinder for examina-
tion by gas-liquid chromatography, and together with
rinsing from the evaporation vessel, totals a- few milli-
liters in \'olumc.
In the examination of tliis final hexane extract by gas-
liquid chromatography, a Wilkcns Aerograph HY-Fl
Model 600 instrument was employed, under the follow-
ing conditions:
Detector;
Carrier gas:
Temperature:
Columns:
Electron capture, with 250 ^c tri
tium source
Nitrogen
180 C
5' X Vi" coiled glass with sepa
columns:
5% Dow- 11 on 60/80 mesh
Chromosorb W
2% QF-l on 60/80 mesh
Chromosorb W
The two columns were used separately for mutual con-
firmation of identifications. The QF-1 column was used
for quantification and showed a sensitivity of at least
2.5 mm per picogram of p.p'-DDE in peak height on
the chromatograms, with injection aliquots as low as
2 fx\. The biological material used in this study under
the conditions of extraction and cleanup employed pro-
duced sufficiently low-noise chromatograms that peak
heights of 5 mm could be unambiguously detected. In-
terlaboratory confirmation of a random sample of
identifications was performed by personnel of the Cali-
fornia State Department of Public Health, employing a
MicroTck chromatograph on an SE-30 -\- QF-1 colunm.
Res id is and Discussion
In the early stages of the work, use of a more elaborate
procedure allowing recovery of a more complete spec-
trum of chlorinated hydrocarbons showed indications
of endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and other com-
pounds. Since /j,//-DDE was by far the most abundant
and consistently detected material, our investigation
was limited to a search for this compound. Tests of the
above simplified procedure on samples *'spiked" with
known amounts of /?./?'- DDT showed that recovery is
virtually complete. Comparisons made early in the
work of DDF content of fat-body tissue as compared
witli whole-body samples indicated that the former was
generally above 1 ppm, while in the latter it was gener-
ally much less than .1 ppm. In whole-luidy analysis,
moreover, a much muic complicated extraction proce-
(hirc was required, and chromatograms were not ;is low
in noise, making accurate detection very difficult.
Hence, this study is limited to the analysis of fat-body
tissue.
Although p,p'-DDE is not applied as a pesticide, it is
one of the commonest metabolites of p.p'-DDT and a
frequent storage form in animal tissues (5), as found,
for example, by Dimond et al. (3, 4, 5) for salamanders,
crayfish, and a variety of small mammals following
DDT application in Maine forests. Its occurrence in
the frogs in this study, therefore, is considered evidence
of environmental DDT.
Geographic distribution of the occurrence of DDE in
frog fat bodies is shown in detail in Tables 1-6. Table
7 summarizes comparatively the data of the others, and
interpretation of the tables is best done by reference to
the map of Fig. 1. Names of lakes, ponds, and streams
are as labeled on standard quadrangles of the U. S.
Geological Survey (//), as are altitudes, distances from
the central valley, and geographic coordinates.
Latitudinal zonation is based on our discovery of
notably high DDE concentrations in the area from the
higher altitudes in Yosemite National Park to the
Sonora Pass area. This area lies from about 37^40'
north latitude to about 38 20'. Hence we have des-
ignated the zone between these limits as the Yosemlte-
Sonora zone. North of this we designate as the Northern
Sierra Nevada. The area to the south being so much
more extensive, we subdivide it at the 37°0' parallel
into the Central and the Southern Sierra Nevada.
The greater amount of data accumulated from the
Central Sierra Nevada permits us to compare values
from the lower altitudes (below 5,000 feet) with those
from higher altitudes on the western slope of the
mountains, and both of these with concentrations across
the crest, on the eastern face, as shown in Tables 3,
4, and 5.
The first generalization emerging from these data is
that contamination of the range is general. In fact, of
the several hundred animals we have examined from
throughout the mountains, all contained at least some
DDE. The 3.46 ppm average of the low-altitude Central
Sierra is not significantly dilTerent from the 3,19 ppm
high-altitude average (Tables 3 and 4), suggesting that
concentrations are fairly uniform from low to high
altitudes on the western face of the mountains. The
abrupt drop to an average of 0.97 ppm (Table 5) just
across the crest of the mountains is what would be ex-
pected from the hypothesis that the DDT residues are
carried eastward from the central valley and that con-
centrations in the mountains are related to precipitation
patterns.
The higher concentrations in the central and southern
parts of the moimtains (averages of 3.19 ppm, 3.46
206
Pi STtrinrs Monitoring Journal
ppm, and 2.07 ppm shown in Tables 3, 4, and 6, re-
spectively) as compared to concentrations found in the
northern parts of the mountains (average of 1.32,
Table 1) are consistent with the greater agricultural
area and more intense agricultural activity in the
southern half of the central valley. The lower con-
centration in the Southern Sierra Nevada zone (2.07
ppm) as compared with the Central Sierra Nevada
zone is probably attributable to the presence of the
Great Western Divide to the west of the former. This
Divide extends as a ridge parallel to the main crest and
rises to over 13,000 feet. All but one sample (Smith-
Failing Meadow) are from the main crest, and their
lower DDE concentrations as compared with areas just
north of the Great Western Divide probably reflect the
protection from DDT of the main crest by fallout on
the Divide. It might be predicted that were this Divide
to be systematically sampled and tested, it would show
DDE values for this part of the Southern Sierra Nevada
as high as or higher than those found in the Central
Sierra Nevada zone where this type of protection of
the main crest is lacking.
Particularly noteworthy is the high concentration of
DDE in the Yosemite-Sonora area, averaging 5.38 ppm
as compared with the average of 3.19 ppm immediately
to the south of this area or the average of 1.32 ppm
immediately to the north thereof. It might be suspected
that the two extraordinary values of single samples, 16.52
ppm from a pond near Mt. Clark and 30.83 ppm from
the Koenig Lake area (Table 2) are mainly responsible
for this high average, and that if these are regarded as
saspect values, the average DDE concentration in this
zone is not significantly higher than in adjacent zones.
However, even if these two values were eliminated from
Table 2, the mean value would be 4.27 ppm, and the
standard error of the mean would be reduced to 0.444.
Comparing this mean and standard error with the
3.19
0.27 mean and standard error of the zone just
to the south of the Yosemite-Sonora zone by a t-test
for the significance of the difference between means
shows a real difference at between the 95% and 98%
confidence levels. Hence, the indication is that levels
in this Yosemite-Sonora zone are significantly higher
than elsewhere. There are, in fact, good reasons for
expecting greater variability in sample values in this
zone than elsewhere (see discussion below), so that
these two high values, which are based on the same
methodology and as carefully done as any other determi-
nations in the investigation, probably represent elements
in this variability and should be left in the table.
The higher average value in this region would not be
expected for at least two reasons. For one thing, the
average distance of sample sites from the central valley,
82 miles, is greater in this zone than in any of the other
zones except the low-concentration zone east of the
Sierra Nevada crest (Table 7). For another thing, this
zone lies east of the least agricultural part of the central
valley due to the large part of this area occupied by
the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers,
an intermingling of swamps, channels, and small islands
that occupy the greater part of the valley width in this
region. Also, the urbanization immediately north and
south of the delta area is much greater than elsewhere
in the central valley, further reducing the intensity of
agriculture in this part of the valley. It might be ob-
jected that the Yosemite-Sonora zone lies east of an
enormous metropolitan area in which much DDT is
employed. However, in such regions this material is
applied largely within buildings, to gardens and patios,
etc. by direct application rather than being applied, as
in agricultural areas, in massive aerosol exposures by
crop-dusting from airplanes.
Explanation of this unusual concentration seems to be
provided by two reports (!2) of the U. S. Forest Service.
The first describes the application in 1953 of 11,024
lb of DDT in diesel oil to 11,140 acres of forest in
the Tuolumne Meadows area of Yosemite National
Park for control of the lodgepolc needle miner. The
second report describes the application in 1956 of
10,110 lb of DDT in diesel oil to 9,560 acres of timber
in the Stanislaus National Forest for control of the
Douglas-fir tussock moth. This acreage was distributed
in several closely adjoining areas just to the west of
Yosemite National Park and averaging about 10 miles
north of the Mather area (Fig. 1). Forest sprayings
have been unique in California; these two and one other
north of the Sierra Nevada were the only ones found
recorded. Hence, the unusual concentrations of DDE
in the Yosemite-Sonora zone probably represent locally
persistent residues of these 1953 and 1956 sprayings.
This interpretation is consistent with the few previous
investigations on the persistence of DDT residues locally
in the biota of a forest area. Dimond et al. (3, 4, 5),
for example, found that following the spraying of forest
areas in Maine at the rate of 1 lb/ acre with DDT, the
same rate as used in the 1953 and 1956 Sierra Nevada
episodes, there was high concentration, especially of
DDE, the first year following the forest application in
the biota of the region (salamanders, crayfish, small
mammals). A notable drop in concentration occurred
the second year after application, but thereafter there
was very little further decrease in concentration through
a period of 9 years following application of DDT
to the forest. These authors estimated that it would be
well into the second decade following the forest treat-
ment before there would be further significant drop in
residue levels. Our interpretation of high levels in the
frogs into the second decade following a forest applica-
tion of DDT being due to this particular application is
perfectly consistent with their findings.
Another feature worthy of note is found in one of the
papers (5) of Dimond et a!. This is the much greater
Vol. 3, No. 4, March 1970
207
variability in DOT residue concentrations within popu-
lations following a single application of DDT than in
populations repeatedly exposed or in populations sub-
jected only to general residue drift through the environ-
ment. The high variability (2.96 - 16.52 ppm) in the
population near Mt. Clark (Tabic 2) is probably a
special consequence of the 1953 spraying episode (note
position from geograpliic coordinates in Table 2 in
relation to the Tuolumne Meadows, 1953 spraying).
Similarly, the high variability (1.70 - 30.83 ppm) in
the population of the Koenig Lake area (Table 2) is
probably a consequence of the 1956 episode. This
interpretation, at least, is consistent with the findings of
the above cited authors and would explain the greater
variability in levels found in the Yosemite-Sonora
region as well as the greater average concentration
present here as compared to that in other regions of
the Sierra Nevada range.
We thank Miss Suzanne Turre for collecting frog speci-
mens from some of the most remote areas in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains and from the Grand Canyon area,
Dr. G. R. Siruble of the U, S. Forest Service in Berkeley,
Calif,, for the reports on forest sprayings with DDT,
Mr. R. Rawlins of the California State Department of
Agriculture for information concerning agricultural use
of DDT, and Mr, James Ferguson of the California
State Department of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif, for
cross-checking GLC identifications.
Research was supported by Grant # CC0O256 of the U. S. Public
TTtalih Service, from the Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta,
Ga.
(I)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
m
(10)
(in
(12)
LITERATURE CITED
Cohen, J- M. and C. Pinker ton. J 966. Widespread
translocation of pesticides by air transport and rain-
out. Advances in Chem., No. 60, Amer. Chem. Soc.,
Wash., D.C., p. 163-176.
Cory, L. 1902. Patterns of geographic variation in
Sierra Nevada ranids. Amer. Zool. 2(3):401.
Diniond. J, B. 1969, DDT in Maine forests. Misc.
Rep. #125, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta.
, R. E. Kadunce, A. S. Getchell, and J. A.
Blease. I96S. Persistence of DDT in crayfish in a
natural environment. Ecology 49(4):759-762.
and J. A. Sherburne. J 969. Persistence of
DDT in wild populations of small mammals. Nature
221: 468-487.
Dobzhansky, Th., W. W. Anderson, O. Pavlovsky, B.
Spassky, and C. J. Wills. 1964. Genetics of natural
populations. XXXV. A progress report on genetic
changes in populations of DrosopJiila pseiidoobscura
in the American Southwest. Evolution 18; 164-176.
Frost, J. 1969. Earth, air, water. Environment 11(6):
14-33.
O'Brien, R. D. 1967. Insecticides, action and metab-
olism. Academic Press, New York and London, pp.
125-129.
Sodergren, A.
C"-DDT by
19: 126-138,
Stanley, R. L.
digestion and
1968,
orella
Uptake and accumulation of
sp. (Chlorophyceae). Oikos
and //.
cleanup
T, LeFavoure. 1965. Rapid
of animal tissues for pesti-
cide residue analysis. J. Otfic. Agr. Chem. 48: 666-667.
U. S. Geoh^gical Survey. Topographic quadrangles, 15-
minute series. Scale: 1:62,500.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cali-
fornia Forest and Range Experiment Station. Report
of 1956: "The control of the Lodgepole Needle Miner
by the use of aerial application of DDT spray,
Yosemite National Park, Season of 1953". Report of
1957: "Control of an infestation of the Douglas-fir
tussock moth with DDT aerial spray, Calaveras and
Tuolumne Counties, California".
TABLES 1-7.^<5E0GRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF p,p'-DDE TN FROG FAT BODIES (PARTS
PER Mil. LION, WET WEIGHT). EACH p,p-DDE VALUE FROM A SINGLE FROG EXCEPT IN TABLE 7
TABLE I. — Northern Sierra Nevada, north
of 38''20'
Location & County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
Longitude
Feet
Aliiiude
PPM
p,p'-DDE
Sutter Creek, between Sutter
Creek and Volcano
9/18/66
17
38*26'
120* 4'
1,720
1.44
L55
Amador Co.
1.10
0.89
1.18
0.94
0.39
Pond near Hiram Peak
Alpine County
9/16/67
68
38'29'
n9M8'
9,000
1.11
0.51
Pond near Kinney I -^kcs
Al]"'lric Co,
9/16/67
70
38<'34'
119*49'
8,500 j
1.52
0.95
Five Lakes area
Nevada Co.
9/1/66
55
39'25'
120*33'
7,000
3.04
Snag Lake
Sierra Co.
7/15/67
62
39*40'
120*38'
6,680
1.64
0.75
1.02
2.79
1.43
0.53
2.13
Average Values
54
6.580
1.32 ± 0.16
%
n = 19
Pestk IDES Monitoring Journal
TABLE l.—Yosemite-Sonora area, 37''40' - 55°2(}'
Location & County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
Longitude
Feet
Altitude
PPM
p,p'-DDE
Pond near Mt. Clark
Mariposa Co,
7/2/66
72
37^42'
119*25'
9,880
16.52
9.94
2.96
Nydiver Lakes
Madera Co.
8/29/68
89
37M2'
119M0'
10,160
2.00
2.50
Pond, Lyell Fork Merced R.
Madera Co.
8/28/68
85
37''43'
119M6'
11,100
2.36
2.53
Pond, head Hatchings Cr,
Madera Co.
8/27/68
84
37''44'
119^7'
10,960
7.75
6.40
Clark Lakes, Mono Co.
8/16/66
89
37*44'
119" 9'
9,800
5.89
Upper Lyell Base Camp
Tuolumne Co.
9/4/66
84
37°46'
119M5'
10,160
5.89
3.57
Lake near Mt. Hoffman
Mariposa Co.
8/25/68
73
37^51'
119^30'
9,840
7.56
9.45
5.22
Gaylor Lakes
Tuolumne Co.
10/1/66
90
37''55'
119*16'
10,400
1.31
1.85
Pond near Lundy Pass
Mono Co.
8/26/68
90
37*'59'
119*18'
10,400
3.00
2.00
Greenstone Lake
Mono Co.
8/26/68
90
37'59'
119M7'
10,150
4.30
Pond near Gianelli
Tuolumne Co.
7/15/67
1
60
38M2'
119''52'
8.680 1
1.45
3.56
Upper Relief Valley
Tuolumne Co.
8/3/66
•
63
38M4'
119*47'
8,800
5.45
9.47
4.06
Koenig Lake & vicinity
Mono Co.
7/10/66
72
•
38M7'
119'38'
9,560
30.83
5.91
5.05
2.08
1.70
6.80
3.62
1,58
1.80
1.87
Average Values i
82
9,992
5.38 ± 0,93
n = 35
TABLE 3.— Central Sierra Nevada, 37°0''S7^40^, western slope, 5,000 ft, to crest
Location & County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
Longitude
Feet
Altitude
PPM
p,p' -DDE
Stevenson Creek,
Fresno Co.
9/2/66
41
37° 6'
119*15'
5,420
3.79
2.93
Unnamed lake, McGee L area, off
Evolution Valley
Fresno Co.
8/28/67
76
37* 9'
118*43'
10,900
2.49
2.03
5.36
2.01
2.24
Red Lake
Fresno Co.
7/3/67
58
37*11'
119* 5'
9,000
2.41
3.54
Goddard Canyon
Fresno Co.
8/16/67
74
37*12'
118*47'
8,500
1.33
0.70
Darwin Canyon
Fresno Co. ;
7/18/68
74
37*12' '
118*41'
11,680
1.45
2.65
Dowville, Huntington L.
Fresno Co.
8/14/67 ,
55
37*14'
119*14'
6,959
4.42
2.75
Humphries Basin
Fresno Co.
7/4/68
87
37*15'
118*42'
11,200
1.08
1.11
Dutch lake
Fresno Co.
7/4/67
71
37*15'
119* 0'
9,200
0.42
0.39
Pond, head of Line Cr.
Fresno Co.
8/15/66
62
37*17'
119*11'
A
9,000
2.11
3.31
Rosebud Lake
Fresno Co.
7/16/68
82
37*18'
118*54'
10,800
3.86
1.76
Vol, 3, No, 4, March 1970
209
TAB IE 3. — Central Sierra Nevada, 37 ''0' -37° 40', western slope, 5,000 ft. to erest — Continued
Location k County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
Longitude
Feet
Altitude
PPM
p.p'-DDE
Pond NE of Kaiser Pk.
8/14/66
63
37'18'
119M0'
9,800
9.07
Fresno Co.
5.81
Kaiser Pass Meadow
7/12/67
68
37M8'
119* 6'
9,115
2.28
Fresno Co.
3.28
Bear Lakes Basin
7/14/68
90
37M9'
118M8'
11,425
1.94
Fresno Co.
1.63
Lake near Infant Buttes
7/20/68
83
37^20'
118*55'
10,400
2.68
Fresno Co.
3.47
Lake Italy
7/11/68
92
37^22'
118*48'
11,154
4.22
Fresno Co.
5.14
Treasure Lakes
8/22/68
97
37°23'
118*46'
11,160
4.41
Inyo Co.
5.14
Onion Springs Mdw.
8/13/67
79
37°24'
119* 4'
7.840
4.35
Fresno Co.
3.88
Hedrick Meadow
8/17/68
81
37''26'
119° 4'
9,040
1.30
Fresno Co.
Snow Lakes
9/1/67
97
37°26'
118*47'
11,000
5.18
Fresno Co.
1
2.95
4.78
3.34
DeviPs Bathtub
8/27/67
85
37*27'
119* 0'
10,160 J
8.36
Fresno Co. i
Graveyard Meadow
8/30/66
87
37027.
118*58'
10,000
3.03
Fresno Co.
Marilyn Lakes basin
8/30/66
88
37*28'
118*59'
9.960
6.21
Fresno Co.
1
1
1
1.43
Duck Lake
7/27/68
92
37*33'
118*58'
10,427
2.16
Fresno Co.
1.43
Average Values
77
9,745
3.19 ± 0.27
i = — - - ■ ,
n = 48
TABLE 4.-
—Central Sierra Nevada, 37^0^ - 37
'^40^, western ,
face below 5,000 feet
LocATioN & County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
' longitttde
Feet
Altitude
PPM
p»p'-DDE
Big Creek, tributary So Fork
Kings River near Bretz Mill
Fresno Co.
9/11/66
36
1 37« 2'
119M5'
3,240
2.89
4,35
2.52
4.19
3.17
2.03
3.69
2.41
3.80
3.61
Sycamore Creek
Fresno Co.
9/11/66
32
37* 2'
119*19'
4,200
4.59
4.32
Average Values
34
1
3,720
3.46 ± 0.25
n = 12
210
pESTinnES Monitoring Journal
TABLE 5. — Central Sierra Nevada, 37 "0^-3 7 "40^ east of main crest.
Location & County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
Longiiude
Feet
Al TITUDE
PPM
p,p'-DDE
Bishop Creek canyon, near
Long Lake
Inyo Co.
10/14/67
83
37° 9'
118°27'
10,700
0.69
1.70
1.00
1.97
Chalfant L., Inyo Co.
7/10/68
94
37''2r
118°46'
11,200
0.06
Little Lakes Valley
Mono Co.
8/20/67
8/1/66
100
37^26'
118°45'
10,400
1.12
0.77
Sherwin L., Mono Co.
8/9/68
96
37*'37'
118*57'
8,560
0.73
Pond at Pumice Flat
7/3/66
89
37*39'
119* 5'
7,680
0.70
Madera Co.
Average Values
92
9,708
0.97 ± 0.19
n -9
Ortf
TABLE 6.— Southern Sierra Nevada, 36''0' - 37''0
Location & County
Date
Miles to
Valley
North
Latitude
West
Longitude
Feet
Altitude
PPM
p,p'-DDE
Smith-Failing Mdw.
Tulare Co.
9/9/67
28
36* 9'
118*33'
7,440
1.97
2.32
Lower South Fork Lake
Inyo Co.
7/24/68
60
36*28'
118*13'
10,990
1.90
Cottonwood Lakes
Inyo Co.
7/23/68
59
36*29'
118*13'
11,120
0.73
2.23
High Lake, Inyo Co.
7/22/68
58
36*29'
118*14'
11,475
3.18
Mdw., Upper Rock Creek
Tulare Co.
7/23/68
56
i 36*30'
118*16'
10,650
2.30
1.50
Pond at Crabtree L.
Tulare Co,
9/18/68
55
*
36*33'
118*19'
11,500
2.10
1.50
Hitchcock Lakes
Tulare Co.
9/19/68
54
36*34'
118*19'
11,750
2.77
1.84
Wright Lakes
Tulare Co.
9/17/68
54
36*37'
118*22'
1 1 ,440
1.72
Pond at Tyndall Creek
Tulare Co.
9/17/68
56
36*40'
118*23'
12,000
2.01
4.37
Pond, Vidette Canyon
Tulare Co.
9/16/68
54
36*44'
118*24'
10,820
0.48
3.93
Kearsarge Lakes
Fresno Co.
9/15/68
61
36*46'
118°24'
10,640
1.00
1.50
Average Values
54
10,893
2.07 -+- 0.26
n = 19
TABLE 7. — Summary of the occurrence of p,p" -DDE in fat bodies of frogs from the Sierra Nevada Mountains
(parts per million, wet weight)
Sierra Nevada Mountains
Northern
(North from 38*20')
Yosemite-Sonora
(37*40'— 38*20')
Central (37*0'-37*40')
West face to 5,000 feet
West face over 5,000 feet
East of crest
Southern
(36»0'— 37*0')
Ave. Feet
Altitude
6,580
9,992
3,720
9,745
9,708
10.893
No. OF
Localities
13
2
23
5
11
AvG. Miles
to Valley
54
82
34
77
92
54
No. of
Samples
19
35
12
48
9
19
Average
PPM DDE :± S.E
1.32 ± 0.16
5.38 ± 0.93
3.46
3.19
0.97
0.25
0.27
0.19
2.07 ± 0.26
Vol. 3, No. 4, March 1970
211
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